Redundancy berarti pengulangan/berlebihan. Hati-hati dalam menggunakan kata yang sama lebih dari 1 kali. Dalam beberapa kasus, memang hal tsb berguna untuk menekankan maksud kita dalam berbicara, misal "That chocolate was good. I mean really, really good.") atau untuk dramatic rhetorical effect.
Ini beberapa kata yang seringkali digunakan:
And etc.
Etc. adalah singkatan dari bahasa Latin et cetera yeng berarti"and so forth." maka ketika kita menggunakan "and etc." berarti kita mengatakan "and and so forth." This is clearly redundant. Katakan saja "etc" (or preferably "et cetera").
ATM Machine
The letters ATM adalah singkatan dari "Automated Teller Machine." Therefore, when you say "ATM Machine" you're really saying "Automated Teller Machine Machine." This is obviously redundant. Just say "I'm going to the ATM."
PIN Number
PIN stands for Personal Identification Number. Therefore you're saying "Personal Identification Number Number." Again, redundant. Just say "I need my PIN."
HIV Virus
Human Immunodeficiency Virus. Sama seperti di atas, ketika kita mengatakan "He is suffered from HIV virus". It's redundant.
Tapi, dalam bahasa Indonesia, kita sering mendengar orang mengatakan "Virus HIV". I am afraid I don't know why. Perhaps, itu sudah menjadi kata yang baku di Indonesia.
Tampilkan postingan dengan label learning english. Tampilkan semua postingan
Tampilkan postingan dengan label learning english. Tampilkan semua postingan
Minggu, 18 Juli 2010
Kamis, 15 Juli 2010
5 Quick English Grammar Tips
I often hear five English grammar mistakes from people who grew up speaking English. It's a difficult language to master. In many rural areas, English grammar becomes relaxed and just plain wrong. How's your grammar? Here are five quick English grammar tips. Brush up before you go back to school. You might save a little embarrassment.
And while you're at it, pick up a grammar book and listen carefully to the people around you who you know have proper grammar. Listen.
Without using a lot of confusing grammatical language, I'll explain as easily as I can why the following examples are mistakes.
And while you're at it, pick up a grammar book and listen carefully to the people around you who you know have proper grammar. Listen.
Without using a lot of confusing grammatical language, I'll explain as easily as I can why the following examples are mistakes.
1. Me and Tim, Tim and I
Wrong: Me and Tim are going to a movie tonight.Right: Tim and I are going to a movie tonight.
Why?
If you take Tim out of the sentence, "you" are the subject. You are going to a movie. When you're going to a movie, what do you say?
"I am going to a movie."
You wouldn't say, "Me am going to a movie."
When you add Tim, the sentence construction remains the same. You're simply adding Tim, and it's correct to say the other person's name first.
"Tim and I are going to a movie."
Your test is always to take the other person out of the sentence, decide on "I" or "me," and then put the other person back in.
2. We Was, We Were
"Am, are, was, and were" are all parts of the powerful little verb, "to be."What trips people up with this mighty little verb is present tense and past tense. If something is happening now, it's present tense. If it already happened, it's past tense.
Singular and plural also becomes a problem. Compare the following:
We (Tim and I) "are" going to a movie. (present tense, plural)
I "am" going to a movie. (present tense, singular)
We (Tim and I) "were" going to a movie. (past tense, plural)
I "was" going to a movie. (past tense, singular)
Can you hear the difference?
It is never correct to say, "We was..."
Why? Because we is plural. We always "were"...
Variation on this problem:
I see. I saw. I have seen.
Never: I seen.
3. Had Ran, Had Run
I heard this on the scanner in the newsroom one day: "He had ran into the woods by the time I got there."Wrong.
Right: "He had run into the woods by the time I got there."
This is a problem of not understanding the perfect tense.
It's confusing, no doubt.
4. She Don't, She Done
This is a problem of conjugating the verb, "to do."Wrong: She don't know what she's talking about. (You wouldn't say, "She do not know...")
Right: She doesn't know what she's talking about. (She does not know...)
Wrong: Everyone knows she done it. ("Done" is not the past tense of did.)
Right: Everyone knows she did it.
5. It's Broke, It's Broken
We're not talking finances here. Well, fixing whatever is broken might involve finances, but that's another matter altogether.I hear people say, "It's broke," when they mean, "It's broken."
This problem has to do with the part of speech called past participles. Listen:
It breaks.
It broke. (past)
It has broken. Or: It is broken.
Never: It is broke.
Sabtu, 10 Juli 2010
Contoh Surat Lamaran Dalam Bahasa Inggris
Jakarta, 29 December 2008
Mr. XXXX
General Manager
W Hotels & Resort
Dear Mr. XXXX,
I am writing in response to your advertisement for a restaurant manager position with your established Hotels.
Since the hospitality industry has been an integral part of my work experience. I was thrilled to learn of your new developments.
The hospitality industry is extremely customer focused. I will ensure that the restaurant operates efficiently and profitably whilst maintaining the reputation and ethos, and maintaining high standards of food, health and safety and business performance.
I have enclosed my resume to provide more information on my strengths and career achievements. I hope that we will have the opportunity to discuss my qualifications further during a personal meeting.
Thank you for your consideration.
Sincerely,
XXXXX
Mr. XXXX
General Manager
W Hotels & Resort
Dear Mr. XXXX,
I am writing in response to your advertisement for a restaurant manager position with your established Hotels.
Since the hospitality industry has been an integral part of my work experience. I was thrilled to learn of your new developments.
The hospitality industry is extremely customer focused. I will ensure that the restaurant operates efficiently and profitably whilst maintaining the reputation and ethos, and maintaining high standards of food, health and safety and business performance.
I have enclosed my resume to provide more information on my strengths and career achievements. I hope that we will have the opportunity to discuss my qualifications further during a personal meeting.
Thank you for your consideration.
Sincerely,
XXXXX
Sabtu, 03 Juli 2010
NOUN AND TENSES
1.NOUN CLAUSE
Noun clause adalah clause (i.e. subject dan verb) yang difungsikan sebagai noun. Noun clause dalam kalimat pada umumnya digunakan sebagai subject dan object kalimat.
Noun clause dapat diawali oleh:
• Question word atau relative pronoun baik berupa single question word maupun phrase:
• Single question word (i.e. when, how, what, ect.).
• Question word + determiner/ noun/ adjective / adverb.
• Question word + infinitive.
• Conjunction (i.e. whether dan if).
• That atau the fact that.
Sehingga pola dari noun clause adalah:
Question word/conjunction/that + subject + verb + …
A. Noun Clauses diawali dengan Question words
Dalam How to Address Questions sudah dibahas tentang penggunaan kata tanya baik dalam membuat information questions maupun dalam membuat embedded questions. Embedded questions tersebut adalah noun clause. Dalam section ini diberikan contoh tambahan untuk merefresh memori anda.
1. Single question words.
Contoh:
1. Where she is now is still unknown.
2. When they arrive is still uncertain.
3. I know what you did last summer and I still know what you did last summer are two Hollywood movies starred by Jennifer Love Hewitt. Perhatikan: dalam kalimat ini, noun clause what you did last summer menjadi object dari I know dan I still know, dan setelah digabung dengan: are two Hollywood movies starred by Jennifer Love Hewitt, menjadi subject majemuk dari kalimat.
Noun clause dapat ditempatkan diawal kalimat (sebagai subject) atau sebagai object. Jika anda ingin merubah posisi noun clause dari subject kalimat menjadi object kalimat, biasanya dibutuhkan pronoun it atau sedikit modifikasi kata. Contoh di atas menjadi:
1. It is still unknown where she is now.
2. Do you know when they arrive?
3. Two Hollywood movies starred by Jennifer Love Hewitt are I know what you did last summer and I still know what you did last summer. Karena merupakan judul movies, noun clause what you did last summer tidak perlu diputar posisinya.
Note:
a) Clause yang diawali oleh question words tertentu (i.e. when, whenever, where) juga dapat berfungsi sebagai adverbial clause.
Contoh:
1. I was reading a book when the phone rang.
2. I went to where I and my ex girlfriend had been last weekend.
3. I suddenly get nausea whenever I see his face. (nausea = mual/mau muntah).
b). Clause yang diawali oleh question words tertentu (i.e. who, whom, whose + noun) juga dapat berfungsi sebagai adjective clause. Dalam hal ini, kata tanya tersebut sebenarnya adalah relative pronoun.
Contoh:
1. I think you whom Mr. Dodi was looking for. (Saya kira kamu (orang) yang pak Dodi sedang cari-cari tadi).
2. Mr. Dodi, who is a teacher, was looking for you at school.
3. Rommy, whose book was stolen last week, just bought another new book yesterday.
Lantas, bagaimana cara membedakan apakah itu noun clause, adverbial clause, atau adjective clause? Jawabannya sederhana. Noun clause dapat digantikan dengan pronoun it, sedangkan adverbial clause dan adjective clause tidak. Noun clause menjawab pertanyaan what dan who/whom; Adverbial clause menjawab pertanyaan when, where, how (termasuk how much, how often, ect), dan why. Adjective clause (i.e. kata sifat yang berbentuk clause) menerangkan noun, dan relative pronounnya (i.e. who, that, ect.) dalam bahasa Indonesia berarti “yang“.
2. Question words + ever/soever
Kecuali how, diakhir question words dapat ditambahkan ever atau soever menjadi whenever = whensoever, whatever= whatsoever, dan seterusnya. Arti ever atau soever di sini sama, yaitu saja/pun, tinggal dikombinasikan dengan kata tanya di depannya. Sedangkan, how+ever menjadi however (i.e. adverb atau juga disebut kata transisi yang berarti namun/walapun demikian) tidak termasuk dalam kategori ini.
Contoh:
1. We will accept whatever you want us to do. (Kami akan menerima/melakukan apa saja yang kamu ingin kami lakukan).
2. Whoever can melt her feeling is a very lucky guy. (melt = meluluhkan). Be careful: guy (dibaca gae)= laki-laki, sedangkan gay (dibaca gei) = fag = homo.
3. She has agreed to wherever the man would bring her. (Dia telah setuju kemanapun pria itu membawanya pergi). Note: in speaking (informal), preposition (dalam hal ini to, etc.) biasanya diletakkan di ujung kalimat. She has agreed wherever the man would bring her to.
3. Question words + nouns
Question words + nouns yang sering digunakan antara lain: what time (jam berapa), what day (hari apa), what time (jam berapa), what kind (jenis apa), what type (tipe apa), whose + nouns (i.e. whose car, whose book, ect.), dan seterusnya.
Contoh:
1. I can’t remember what day we will take the exam.
2. As long as I am faithful, she doesn’t care what type of family I come from. (faithful = setia).
3. Do you know what time it is?
4. I don’t know whose car is parked in front of my house.
4. Question words + adjectives
Question words + adjectives yang sering digunakan antara lain: how long (berapa panjang/lama), how far (berapa jauh), how old (berapa tua/umur), ect.
Contoh:
1. Man! She still looks young. Do you know how old she actually is?
2. I am lost. Could you tell me how far it is from here to the post office?
3. What a jerk. He didn’t even ask how long I had been waiting for him.
5. Question words + determiners.
Question words + determiners yang sering digunakan adalah: how many (berapa banyak) dan how much (berapa banyak).
Contoh:
1. Is there any correlation between how good he or she is in English and how many books he or she has?
2. How much your English skill will improve is determined by how hard you practice.
6. Question words + adverbs.
Question words + adverbs yang sering digunakan adalah: how often (berapa sering), how many times (berapa kali) ect.
Contoh:
1. No matter how often I practice, my English still sucks. (Tidak memandang berapa kali saya latihan, bahasa Inggris saya masih jelek). Suck (informal verb) = jelek/tidak baik; arti suck yang lain: mengisap.
2. I don’t want my parents to know how many times I have left school early. (leave school early = bolos).
7. Question words + infinitives.
Jika question words langsung diikuti oleh infinitives, infinitives tersebut mengandung makna should atau can/could. Subject setelah question words dihilangkan.
Contoh:
1. She didn’t know what to do = She didn’t know what she should do. (Dia tidak tahu apa yang seharusnya dia lakukan).
2. Please tell me how to get the train station from here = Please tell me how I can get the train station from here.
3. We haven’t decided when to go to the beach = We haven’t decided when we should go to the beach.
4. Marry told us where to find her = Marry told us where we could find her.
B. Noun clauses diawali dengan whether/if
Whether bisa diikuti oleh OR/NOT bisa juga tidak; makna kalimat biasanya sama walaupun OR/NOT tidak disebutkan (ini tergantung konteks kalimat). Note: whether pelafalannya sama dengan weather (cuaca), tulisannya juga mirip. Be careful, jangan sampai tertukar.
Contoh:
1. I am not sure whether she is coming or not = I am not sure whether or not she is coming = I am not sure whether she is coming. (Saya tidak yakin apakah dia akan datang atau tidak).
2. We can’t decide whether we should go out or stay home. = We can’t decide whether to go or (to) stay home. Perhatikan, infinitives juga dapat digunakan setelah whether.
3. I am not sure whether I should take economics or law after I graduate from high school. (Saya tidak yakin apakah saya harus ngambil Ekonomi atau Hukum setelah lulus SMA nanti).
4. If you take economics, I will take economics. On the other hand, if you take law, I will take law too.
C. Noun clauses diawali dengan that/the fact that
Di sini that berarti bahwa, sedangkan the fact that berarti fakta bahwa. Sedangkan, that dalam adjective clauses berarti yang.
Contoh:
1. That she has had a PhD degree at the age of 20 surprises a lot of people = It surprises a lot of people that she has had a PhD degree at the age of 20.
2. It is the fact that the world is round = the fact that the world is round is well known.
3. It was obvious that she was very sick = The fact that she was very sick was obvious.
4. It seems that it is going to rain soon.
2. NOUN PHRASE
Noun phrases atau frase nomina adalah frase yang terdiri dari nomina atau pronomina (sebagai head) dan modifiers.
Modifiers yang biasanya menyertai nomina adalah:
- determiners (articles, demonstratives, numbers, possessives, quantifiers)
- adjectives, adjective phrases, adjective clauses
- relative clauses
Seperti halnya nomina, frase nomina juga mempunyai fungsi sebagai subjek atau objek dalam suatu kalimat. Perhatikan contoh berikut di bawah ini:
- My coach is happy.
- I like the cars over there.
- The woman who lives there is my aunt.
- Frankenstein is the name of the scientist not the monster.
- I consider Meong my favorite cat.
- Small children often insist that they can do it by themselves.
- To read quickly and accurately is John’s goal.
- Two of my guests have arrived.
- Mr. Jones spoke to Dr. James.
- My friend works with her father.
Frase nomina selalu memiliki nomina sebagai head. Dan umumnya determiners dan adjective phrases menempati posisi sebagai pre-modifiers atau pre-head. Contoh:
- the children
- happy children
- the happy children
Setelah head, diletakkan post-modifiers yang panjangnya tidak dibatasi, contoh: the dog that chased the cat that killed the mouse that ate the cheese that was made from the milk that came from the cow that...
Dalam kenyataannya, pemakaian post-modifiers sepanjang contoh di atas jarang digunakan, bahkan tidak pernah.
Head dari frase nomina tidak harus selalu nomina, bisa juga berupa pronomina (pronouns).
Contoh:
- I like coffee.
- The waitress gave me the wrong dessert.
- This is my car.
Jika yang berlaku sebagai head berupa pronomina, maka frase nomina itu umumnya memiliki head (berupa pronomina) itu saja. Hal ini karena pronomina tidak memerlukan determiners atau adjectives sehingga pre-modifiers tidak diperlukan. Tetapi, beberapa pronomina, memungkinkan untuk ditambahkan post-modifiers.
[Those who arrive late] cannot be admitted until the interval.
Begitu juga numbers, dapat menempati posisi sebagai head dari frase nomina.
[Two of my guests] have arrived.
[The first to arrive] was John.
TENSES
Tenses berkaitan erat dengan time (waktu), walaupun sebenarnya time tidak sama dengan waktu. Karena tenses adalah bentuk gramatikal kata kerja yang menunjukkan kegiatan (yaitu apakah suatu kegiatan itu sudah, sedang, atau mungkin sedang dikerjakan dan akan masih terus berlangsung dalam suatu waktu tertentu).
Dengan kata lain, tenses adalah perubahan bentuk kata kerja dengan adanya perubahan keteranga waktu.
1. Simple Present Tense
Pola : (+) S + Verb1 (s/es) + Complement
(-) S + Do not/ Does not + Verb1 + Complement
(?) Do/ Does + S + Verb1 + Complement
Penggunaan:
a. Untuk menyatakan kegiatan, kejadian atau peristiwa yang dilakukan berulang-ulang; jadi sudah merupakan kebiasaan (custom and habitula action).
• I get up early every morning.
• She works at the bank everyday.
Kebiasaan ini pada umumnya ditandai dengan keterangan (adverb of frequency) seperti: usually, often, sometimes, seldom, rarely, always, generally, ever, never, etc.
• My teacher always arrives at school on time.
• I usually take a bath at six every morning.
b. Untuk menyatakan kebenaran umum (general truth).
• The sun rises in the east and sets in the west.
• A week has seven days.
2. Present Progressive Tense
Pola : (+) S + Is/ Am/ Are + Verb-ing + Complement
(-) S + (Is/ Am/ Are) not + Verb-ing + Complement
(?) (Is/ Am/ Are) + S + Verb-ing + Complement
Penggunaan:
a. Untuk menyatakan kegiatan, peristiwa yang sedang dilakukan pada waktu sekarang, biasanya ditandai dengan: now, at this time, at this moment, at the present, etc.
• She is studying English now.
• Look! The man is climbing a tree.
• They are playing football in the field.
b. Untuk menyatakan suatu kegiatan, peristiwa, atau kejadian yang akan terjadi di masa yang akan datang dalam waktu dekat (near future) terutama yan menyangkut kata kerja: go, come, do walk, do, run.
• My parents are arriving from Bandung next week.
• I am working tomorrow.
3. Present Perfect Tense
Pola : (+) S + Have/ Has + Verb3 + Complement
(-) S + (Have/ Has) not + Verb3 + Complement
(?) Have/ Has + S + Verb3 + Complement
Penggunaan:
a. Untuk menyatakan peristiwa yan sudah dilakukan dan masih sedang berlangsung sekarang. Kata keterangan waktu since dan for sering sigunakan dalam tenses ini.
• We have already finished our work.
• He has gone to Paris several times.
• I have invited you to the party.
4. Present Perfect Progressive Tense
Pola : (+) S + Have/ Has + Been + Verb-ing + Complement
(-) S + (Have/ Has) not + Been + Verb-ing + Complement
(?) Have/ Has + S + Been + Verb-ing + Complement
Penggunaan:
a. Perbedaan antara Present Perfect Tense dan Present Perfect Progressive Tense terletak pada masalah penekanan suatu peristiwa atau kegiatan, yaitu Present Perfect Tense menitikberatkan pada hasil atau terlaksananya suatu kegiatan, sedangkan Present Perfect Progressive Tense menitikberatkan pada kelangsungan atau proses suatu kegiatan, kejadian atau peristiwa.
• She has been watching TV since 4 o'clock.
• I have been waiting for my friend for two hours.
5. Simple Past Tense
Pola : (+) S + Verb2 + Complement.
(-) S + Did not + Verb1 + Complement
(?) Did + S + Verb1 + Complement
Penggunaan:
a. Untuk Menyatakan peristiwa, kegiatan, atau kejadian yang dilakukan pada waktu tertentu pada waktu lampau. Tense ini biasanya diiringi kata keterangan waktu (adverb of time) seperti: yesterday, the day before yesterday, last night, a week ago, etc.
• We heard the news some times ago.
• He bought a book yesterday.
• I slept at my grandma's house last night.
6. Past Progressive Tense
Pola : (+) S + Was/ Were + Verb-ing + Complement
(-) S + (Was/ Were) not + Verb-ing + Complement
(?) Was/ Were + S + Verb-ing + Complement
Penggunaan:
a. Untuk menyatakan peristiwa yang sedang berlangsung pada saat peristiwa lain terjadi di masa lampau.
• I was studying when you came last night.
• While I was going to school yesterday, I saw her.
• She was watching TV when her father arrived.
7. Past Perfect Tense
Pola : (+) S + had + Verb3 + Complement
(-) S + had not + Verb3 + Complement
(?) Had + S + Verb3 + Complement
Penggunaan:
a. Untuk menunjukkan suatu kegiatan, kejadian atau peristiwa yang sudah selesai dituntaskan di masa lampau sebelum suatu kejadian, kegiatan, atau peristiwa lain terjadi.
• When I had finished writing. I went home.
• You had Studied English before you moved to New York.
• She had visited her Japanese relatives once in 1993 before she moved in with them in 1996.
8. Present Future Tense
Pola : (+) S + Will/ Shall + Verb1 + Complement
S + Be going to + Verb1 + Complement
(-) S + Will/ Shall + Verb1 + Complement
S + Be (not) going to + Verb1 + Complement
(?) Will/ Shall + S + Verb1 + Complement
S + Be going to + Verb1 + Complement
Penggunaan:
a. Untuk menunjukkan suatu kegiatan, kejadian, atau peristiwa yang akan terjadi atau akan dilakukan di waktu yang akan mendatang. Tense ini biasanya diiringi keteranag waktu: tomorrow, next week, next month, two days later, etc.
• He will go for a picnic tomorrow.
• We shall come to your house next week.
• I am going to buy a book toninght.
9. Present Future Progressive Tense
Pola : (+) S + Will be + Verb-ing + Complement
S + Be going to + Verb-ing + Complement
(-) S + Will (not) be + Verb-ing + Complement
S + Be (not) going to + Verb-ing + Complement
(?) Will + S + be + Verb-ing + Complement
Be + S + going to + Verb-ing + Complement
Penggunaan:
a. Tense yang satu ini berbicara tentang suatu peristiwa yang “Sedang Terjadi” juga sebagaimana Present Progressive Tense, tetapi bedanya dalam Future Continuous Tense maka “Sedang” nya itu bukan sekarang melainkan besok, akan datang, nanti.
• You will be waiting for her when her plane arrives tonight.
• You are going to be waiting for her when her plane arrives tonight.
• I will be watching TV when she arrives tonight.
1.NOUN CLAUSE
Noun clause adalah clause (i.e. subject dan verb) yang difungsikan sebagai noun. Noun clause dalam kalimat pada umumnya digunakan sebagai subject dan object kalimat.
Noun clause dapat diawali oleh:
• Question word atau relative pronoun baik berupa single question word maupun phrase:
• Single question word (i.e. when, how, what, ect.).
• Question word + determiner/ noun/ adjective / adverb.
• Question word + infinitive.
• Conjunction (i.e. whether dan if).
• That atau the fact that.
Sehingga pola dari noun clause adalah:
Question word/conjunction/that + subject + verb + …
A. Noun Clauses diawali dengan Question words
Dalam How to Address Questions sudah dibahas tentang penggunaan kata tanya baik dalam membuat information questions maupun dalam membuat embedded questions. Embedded questions tersebut adalah noun clause. Dalam section ini diberikan contoh tambahan untuk merefresh memori anda.
1. Single question words.
Contoh:
1. Where she is now is still unknown.
2. When they arrive is still uncertain.
3. I know what you did last summer and I still know what you did last summer are two Hollywood movies starred by Jennifer Love Hewitt. Perhatikan: dalam kalimat ini, noun clause what you did last summer menjadi object dari I know dan I still know, dan setelah digabung dengan: are two Hollywood movies starred by Jennifer Love Hewitt, menjadi subject majemuk dari kalimat.
Noun clause dapat ditempatkan diawal kalimat (sebagai subject) atau sebagai object. Jika anda ingin merubah posisi noun clause dari subject kalimat menjadi object kalimat, biasanya dibutuhkan pronoun it atau sedikit modifikasi kata. Contoh di atas menjadi:
1. It is still unknown where she is now.
2. Do you know when they arrive?
3. Two Hollywood movies starred by Jennifer Love Hewitt are I know what you did last summer and I still know what you did last summer. Karena merupakan judul movies, noun clause what you did last summer tidak perlu diputar posisinya.
Note:
a) Clause yang diawali oleh question words tertentu (i.e. when, whenever, where) juga dapat berfungsi sebagai adverbial clause.
Contoh:
1. I was reading a book when the phone rang.
2. I went to where I and my ex girlfriend had been last weekend.
3. I suddenly get nausea whenever I see his face. (nausea = mual/mau muntah).
b). Clause yang diawali oleh question words tertentu (i.e. who, whom, whose + noun) juga dapat berfungsi sebagai adjective clause. Dalam hal ini, kata tanya tersebut sebenarnya adalah relative pronoun.
Contoh:
1. I think you whom Mr. Dodi was looking for. (Saya kira kamu (orang) yang pak Dodi sedang cari-cari tadi).
2. Mr. Dodi, who is a teacher, was looking for you at school.
3. Rommy, whose book was stolen last week, just bought another new book yesterday.
Lantas, bagaimana cara membedakan apakah itu noun clause, adverbial clause, atau adjective clause? Jawabannya sederhana. Noun clause dapat digantikan dengan pronoun it, sedangkan adverbial clause dan adjective clause tidak. Noun clause menjawab pertanyaan what dan who/whom; Adverbial clause menjawab pertanyaan when, where, how (termasuk how much, how often, ect), dan why. Adjective clause (i.e. kata sifat yang berbentuk clause) menerangkan noun, dan relative pronounnya (i.e. who, that, ect.) dalam bahasa Indonesia berarti “yang“.
2. Question words + ever/soever
Kecuali how, diakhir question words dapat ditambahkan ever atau soever menjadi whenever = whensoever, whatever= whatsoever, dan seterusnya. Arti ever atau soever di sini sama, yaitu saja/pun, tinggal dikombinasikan dengan kata tanya di depannya. Sedangkan, how+ever menjadi however (i.e. adverb atau juga disebut kata transisi yang berarti namun/walapun demikian) tidak termasuk dalam kategori ini.
Contoh:
1. We will accept whatever you want us to do. (Kami akan menerima/melakukan apa saja yang kamu ingin kami lakukan).
2. Whoever can melt her feeling is a very lucky guy. (melt = meluluhkan). Be careful: guy (dibaca gae)= laki-laki, sedangkan gay (dibaca gei) = fag = homo.
3. She has agreed to wherever the man would bring her. (Dia telah setuju kemanapun pria itu membawanya pergi). Note: in speaking (informal), preposition (dalam hal ini to, etc.) biasanya diletakkan di ujung kalimat. She has agreed wherever the man would bring her to.
3. Question words + nouns
Question words + nouns yang sering digunakan antara lain: what time (jam berapa), what day (hari apa), what time (jam berapa), what kind (jenis apa), what type (tipe apa), whose + nouns (i.e. whose car, whose book, ect.), dan seterusnya.
Contoh:
1. I can’t remember what day we will take the exam.
2. As long as I am faithful, she doesn’t care what type of family I come from. (faithful = setia).
3. Do you know what time it is?
4. I don’t know whose car is parked in front of my house.
4. Question words + adjectives
Question words + adjectives yang sering digunakan antara lain: how long (berapa panjang/lama), how far (berapa jauh), how old (berapa tua/umur), ect.
Contoh:
1. Man! She still looks young. Do you know how old she actually is?
2. I am lost. Could you tell me how far it is from here to the post office?
3. What a jerk. He didn’t even ask how long I had been waiting for him.
5. Question words + determiners.
Question words + determiners yang sering digunakan adalah: how many (berapa banyak) dan how much (berapa banyak).
Contoh:
1. Is there any correlation between how good he or she is in English and how many books he or she has?
2. How much your English skill will improve is determined by how hard you practice.
6. Question words + adverbs.
Question words + adverbs yang sering digunakan adalah: how often (berapa sering), how many times (berapa kali) ect.
Contoh:
1. No matter how often I practice, my English still sucks. (Tidak memandang berapa kali saya latihan, bahasa Inggris saya masih jelek). Suck (informal verb) = jelek/tidak baik; arti suck yang lain: mengisap.
2. I don’t want my parents to know how many times I have left school early. (leave school early = bolos).
7. Question words + infinitives.
Jika question words langsung diikuti oleh infinitives, infinitives tersebut mengandung makna should atau can/could. Subject setelah question words dihilangkan.
Contoh:
1. She didn’t know what to do = She didn’t know what she should do. (Dia tidak tahu apa yang seharusnya dia lakukan).
2. Please tell me how to get the train station from here = Please tell me how I can get the train station from here.
3. We haven’t decided when to go to the beach = We haven’t decided when we should go to the beach.
4. Marry told us where to find her = Marry told us where we could find her.
B. Noun clauses diawali dengan whether/if
Whether bisa diikuti oleh OR/NOT bisa juga tidak; makna kalimat biasanya sama walaupun OR/NOT tidak disebutkan (ini tergantung konteks kalimat). Note: whether pelafalannya sama dengan weather (cuaca), tulisannya juga mirip. Be careful, jangan sampai tertukar.
Contoh:
1. I am not sure whether she is coming or not = I am not sure whether or not she is coming = I am not sure whether she is coming. (Saya tidak yakin apakah dia akan datang atau tidak).
2. We can’t decide whether we should go out or stay home. = We can’t decide whether to go or (to) stay home. Perhatikan, infinitives juga dapat digunakan setelah whether.
3. I am not sure whether I should take economics or law after I graduate from high school. (Saya tidak yakin apakah saya harus ngambil Ekonomi atau Hukum setelah lulus SMA nanti).
4. If you take economics, I will take economics. On the other hand, if you take law, I will take law too.
C. Noun clauses diawali dengan that/the fact that
Di sini that berarti bahwa, sedangkan the fact that berarti fakta bahwa. Sedangkan, that dalam adjective clauses berarti yang.
Contoh:
1. That she has had a PhD degree at the age of 20 surprises a lot of people = It surprises a lot of people that she has had a PhD degree at the age of 20.
2. It is the fact that the world is round = the fact that the world is round is well known.
3. It was obvious that she was very sick = The fact that she was very sick was obvious.
4. It seems that it is going to rain soon.
2. NOUN PHRASE
Noun phrases atau frase nomina adalah frase yang terdiri dari nomina atau pronomina (sebagai head) dan modifiers.
Modifiers yang biasanya menyertai nomina adalah:
- determiners (articles, demonstratives, numbers, possessives, quantifiers)
- adjectives, adjective phrases, adjective clauses
- relative clauses
Seperti halnya nomina, frase nomina juga mempunyai fungsi sebagai subjek atau objek dalam suatu kalimat. Perhatikan contoh berikut di bawah ini:
- My coach is happy.
- I like the cars over there.
- The woman who lives there is my aunt.
- Frankenstein is the name of the scientist not the monster.
- I consider Meong my favorite cat.
- Small children often insist that they can do it by themselves.
- To read quickly and accurately is John’s goal.
- Two of my guests have arrived.
- Mr. Jones spoke to Dr. James.
- My friend works with her father.
Frase nomina selalu memiliki nomina sebagai head. Dan umumnya determiners dan adjective phrases menempati posisi sebagai pre-modifiers atau pre-head. Contoh:
- the children
- happy children
- the happy children
Setelah head, diletakkan post-modifiers yang panjangnya tidak dibatasi, contoh: the dog that chased the cat that killed the mouse that ate the cheese that was made from the milk that came from the cow that...
Dalam kenyataannya, pemakaian post-modifiers sepanjang contoh di atas jarang digunakan, bahkan tidak pernah.
Head dari frase nomina tidak harus selalu nomina, bisa juga berupa pronomina (pronouns).
Contoh:
- I like coffee.
- The waitress gave me the wrong dessert.
- This is my car.
Jika yang berlaku sebagai head berupa pronomina, maka frase nomina itu umumnya memiliki head (berupa pronomina) itu saja. Hal ini karena pronomina tidak memerlukan determiners atau adjectives sehingga pre-modifiers tidak diperlukan. Tetapi, beberapa pronomina, memungkinkan untuk ditambahkan post-modifiers.
[Those who arrive late] cannot be admitted until the interval.
Begitu juga numbers, dapat menempati posisi sebagai head dari frase nomina.
[Two of my guests] have arrived.
[The first to arrive] was John.
TENSES
Tenses berkaitan erat dengan time (waktu), walaupun sebenarnya time tidak sama dengan waktu. Karena tenses adalah bentuk gramatikal kata kerja yang menunjukkan kegiatan (yaitu apakah suatu kegiatan itu sudah, sedang, atau mungkin sedang dikerjakan dan akan masih terus berlangsung dalam suatu waktu tertentu).
Dengan kata lain, tenses adalah perubahan bentuk kata kerja dengan adanya perubahan keteranga waktu.
1. Simple Present Tense
Pola : (+) S + Verb1 (s/es) + Complement
(-) S + Do not/ Does not + Verb1 + Complement
(?) Do/ Does + S + Verb1 + Complement
Penggunaan:
a. Untuk menyatakan kegiatan, kejadian atau peristiwa yang dilakukan berulang-ulang; jadi sudah merupakan kebiasaan (custom and habitula action).
• I get up early every morning.
• She works at the bank everyday.
Kebiasaan ini pada umumnya ditandai dengan keterangan (adverb of frequency) seperti: usually, often, sometimes, seldom, rarely, always, generally, ever, never, etc.
• My teacher always arrives at school on time.
• I usually take a bath at six every morning.
b. Untuk menyatakan kebenaran umum (general truth).
• The sun rises in the east and sets in the west.
• A week has seven days.
2. Present Progressive Tense
Pola : (+) S + Is/ Am/ Are + Verb-ing + Complement
(-) S + (Is/ Am/ Are) not + Verb-ing + Complement
(?) (Is/ Am/ Are) + S + Verb-ing + Complement
Penggunaan:
a. Untuk menyatakan kegiatan, peristiwa yang sedang dilakukan pada waktu sekarang, biasanya ditandai dengan: now, at this time, at this moment, at the present, etc.
• She is studying English now.
• Look! The man is climbing a tree.
• They are playing football in the field.
b. Untuk menyatakan suatu kegiatan, peristiwa, atau kejadian yang akan terjadi di masa yang akan datang dalam waktu dekat (near future) terutama yan menyangkut kata kerja: go, come, do walk, do, run.
• My parents are arriving from Bandung next week.
• I am working tomorrow.
3. Present Perfect Tense
Pola : (+) S + Have/ Has + Verb3 + Complement
(-) S + (Have/ Has) not + Verb3 + Complement
(?) Have/ Has + S + Verb3 + Complement
Penggunaan:
a. Untuk menyatakan peristiwa yan sudah dilakukan dan masih sedang berlangsung sekarang. Kata keterangan waktu since dan for sering sigunakan dalam tenses ini.
• We have already finished our work.
• He has gone to Paris several times.
• I have invited you to the party.
4. Present Perfect Progressive Tense
Pola : (+) S + Have/ Has + Been + Verb-ing + Complement
(-) S + (Have/ Has) not + Been + Verb-ing + Complement
(?) Have/ Has + S + Been + Verb-ing + Complement
Penggunaan:
a. Perbedaan antara Present Perfect Tense dan Present Perfect Progressive Tense terletak pada masalah penekanan suatu peristiwa atau kegiatan, yaitu Present Perfect Tense menitikberatkan pada hasil atau terlaksananya suatu kegiatan, sedangkan Present Perfect Progressive Tense menitikberatkan pada kelangsungan atau proses suatu kegiatan, kejadian atau peristiwa.
• She has been watching TV since 4 o'clock.
• I have been waiting for my friend for two hours.
5. Simple Past Tense
Pola : (+) S + Verb2 + Complement.
(-) S + Did not + Verb1 + Complement
(?) Did + S + Verb1 + Complement
Penggunaan:
a. Untuk Menyatakan peristiwa, kegiatan, atau kejadian yang dilakukan pada waktu tertentu pada waktu lampau. Tense ini biasanya diiringi kata keterangan waktu (adverb of time) seperti: yesterday, the day before yesterday, last night, a week ago, etc.
• We heard the news some times ago.
• He bought a book yesterday.
• I slept at my grandma's house last night.
6. Past Progressive Tense
Pola : (+) S + Was/ Were + Verb-ing + Complement
(-) S + (Was/ Were) not + Verb-ing + Complement
(?) Was/ Were + S + Verb-ing + Complement
Penggunaan:
a. Untuk menyatakan peristiwa yang sedang berlangsung pada saat peristiwa lain terjadi di masa lampau.
• I was studying when you came last night.
• While I was going to school yesterday, I saw her.
• She was watching TV when her father arrived.
7. Past Perfect Tense
Pola : (+) S + had + Verb3 + Complement
(-) S + had not + Verb3 + Complement
(?) Had + S + Verb3 + Complement
Penggunaan:
a. Untuk menunjukkan suatu kegiatan, kejadian atau peristiwa yang sudah selesai dituntaskan di masa lampau sebelum suatu kejadian, kegiatan, atau peristiwa lain terjadi.
• When I had finished writing. I went home.
• You had Studied English before you moved to New York.
• She had visited her Japanese relatives once in 1993 before she moved in with them in 1996.
8. Present Future Tense
Pola : (+) S + Will/ Shall + Verb1 + Complement
S + Be going to + Verb1 + Complement
(-) S + Will/ Shall + Verb1 + Complement
S + Be (not) going to + Verb1 + Complement
(?) Will/ Shall + S + Verb1 + Complement
S + Be going to + Verb1 + Complement
Penggunaan:
a. Untuk menunjukkan suatu kegiatan, kejadian, atau peristiwa yang akan terjadi atau akan dilakukan di waktu yang akan mendatang. Tense ini biasanya diiringi keteranag waktu: tomorrow, next week, next month, two days later, etc.
• He will go for a picnic tomorrow.
• We shall come to your house next week.
• I am going to buy a book toninght.
9. Present Future Progressive Tense
Pola : (+) S + Will be + Verb-ing + Complement
S + Be going to + Verb-ing + Complement
(-) S + Will (not) be + Verb-ing + Complement
S + Be (not) going to + Verb-ing + Complement
(?) Will + S + be + Verb-ing + Complement
Be + S + going to + Verb-ing + Complement
Penggunaan:
a. Tense yang satu ini berbicara tentang suatu peristiwa yang “Sedang Terjadi” juga sebagaimana Present Progressive Tense, tetapi bedanya dalam Future Continuous Tense maka “Sedang” nya itu bukan sekarang melainkan besok, akan datang, nanti.
• You will be waiting for her when her plane arrives tonight.
• You are going to be waiting for her when her plane arrives tonight.
• I will be watching TV when she arrives tonight.
Jumat, 10 Juli 2009
Present Tense
Simple present tense digunakan untuk menyatakn kejadian yang dilakuakn secara berkala atau terus menerus, atau dalam arti kata sebuah kebiasaan. Simple Present Tense juga bisa untuk menyatakan kebenaran umum.
e.g:
1. I play football every day.
2. She goes to school every morning.
3. The world spins around the sun.
Pada contoh yang pertama dan kedua SPT digunakan sebagai suatu kebiasaan, sedangkan pada contoh yang ketiga dikatakan sebagai kebenaran umum.
adapun rumusnya sbb:
(+) S+verb1(s/es)+O+C
(-) S+(d0/does)+not+verb1+O+C
(?) do/does+S+verb1+O+C?
Pemakaian s/es digunakan untuk subjek she,he,it.
Sedangkan untuk they,we,I,you tidak menggunakan s/es.
e.g:
1. I play football every day.
2. She goes to school every morning.
3. The world spins around the sun.
Pada contoh yang pertama dan kedua SPT digunakan sebagai suatu kebiasaan, sedangkan pada contoh yang ketiga dikatakan sebagai kebenaran umum.
adapun rumusnya sbb:
(+) S+verb1(s/es)+O+C
(-) S+(d0/does)+not+verb1+O+C
(?) do/does+S+verb1+O+C?
Pemakaian s/es digunakan untuk subjek she,he,it.
Sedangkan untuk they,we,I,you tidak menggunakan s/es.
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